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Learning by classical conditioning usually needs repeated pairing of stimuli, but a highly-emotional stimulus can trigger the learning process in a single event learning by operant conditioning is based of rewards and punishments associated (or thought to be associated) with a behavior. They are traditionally considered a product of conditioning, both classical and operant.
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Specific phobias are a prototypical example of emotional dysregulation, being characterized by marked and disproportionate fear for specific objects or situations ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Systematic Review Registration: identifier. We integrate those results with recent bifactorial models of emotional regulation, proposing a new form of exposure therapy whose effectiveness and acceptability should be maximized by a preliminary subliminal stimulation. While not inducing the distress caused by current (supraliminal) exposure therapies, exposure to subliminal phobic stimuli still results in successful extinction of both psychophysiological and behavioral correlates: however, it hardly improves subjective fear.
SUBLIMINAL STIMULUS SKIN
Stimulations were found to elicit: (1) cardiac defense responses, (2) specific brain activations of both subcortical (e.g., amygdala) and cortical structures, (3) skin conductance reactions, only when stimuli lasted >20 ms and were administered with intertrial interval >20 s. We systematically review 26 papers investigating subjective, behavioral, and psychophysiological correlates of subliminal exposure to phobic stimuli in phobic patients. 3Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Dipartimento di Specialità cliniche, Pisa, Italy.2National Research Council, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.1Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.Sergio Frumento 1 †, Danilo Menicucci 1 †, Paul Kenneth Hitchcott 1, Andrea Zaccaro 1 and Angelo Gemignani 1,2,3 *